Random Thoughts

Six reasons why hydrogen-boron fusion would be the ultimate solution to global warming

1) The pollution from hydrogen-boron fusion is essentially zero. Per unit of electricity generated, the life cycle pollution impacts from hydrogen boron fusion are less than natural gas, or even wind or photovoltaics (solar cells). (Let alone nuclear fission, oil, or coal.) Even life cycle carbon dioxide emissions from hydrogen-boron fusion are less than for photovoltaics or wind, because the amount of material needed to build a hydrogen-boron plant of a given electrical size is a tiny fraction of the material needed for a similar size plant.

2) The energy is extremely high density (extremely compact). When combined with reason #1, this means that hydrogen-boron fusion plants can be located even in the middle of densely populated cities. A hundred hydrogen-boron fusion plants could be located in the basements of buildings in downtown Manhattan, and could supply all the electricity needed by NYC.

3) Due to reasons #1 and #2, hydrogen-boron fusion completely eliminates the need for a nationwide electrical grid. No more high-tension lines, brownouts or blackouts.

4) Due to reasons #1, #2, and #3, electricity from hydrogen-boron fusion can be delivered to sites hit by disasters long before electricity from conventional sources. After major hurricanes, electrical power is often out in some areas for weeks, or even months. With hydrogen-boron fusion, a tractor-trailer trucks containing hydrogen-boron electrical generating plants could be used to repower a city like New Orleans in less than a week.

5) Hydrogen-boron fusion is continuous, not intermittent. Unlike solar cells and wind, hydrogen-boron can produce as much power as needed, any time needed. An electrical grid powered significantly by photovoltaics or wind would have a horrendous problem trying to match the intermittent supply of those energies with the demand for electricity.

6) Hydrogen-boron fusion can be used to power virtually ANY device. For example, airplanes use petroleum, because it has such high energy density (per unit volume and per unit mass). And the space shuttle’s external fuel tanks contain hydrogen and oxygen. But fusion is roughly a million times more powerful per unit mass than chemical reactions. So the amount of hydrogen required to fly from NY to LAX could literally be found in the bottled water brought on board for passengers to drink. And the space shuttle’s external tanks could be literally replaced by fuel weighing less than the astronauts themselves.

How I'd solve the world's energy problems...if only I had $10 billion

Regular readers of Random Thoughts will know that I predict spectacular economic growth in the 21st century.  The largest part of that is due to progress in computers (which I agree with Ray Kurzweil will equal and then vastly exceed the capacity of the human mind).

But another part of that probably spectacular economic growth is that money makes money.   For example, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation has about  $30 billion.  Why, if I had only 1/3rd that amount, I could solve the world's energy problems myself!  :-)

How would I do it?  Three words..."technology inducement prizes."  Probably the most famous technology inducement prize was the Ansari X Prize, given to the first private entities to put astronauts into space. 

What technologies would I choose?  Three technologies:

1)  Non-tokamak fusion,
2)  Photovoltaics, and
3)  Methane hydrates. 

My reasoning is as follows:

1)  Non-Tokamak Fusion:  There is almost no doubt in my mind that controlled fusion is where energy technology will eventually end up.   I was at a scientific/technical conference recently, where the subject was the future of energy technology.  There was essentially universal agreement that energy technology would eventually end up at either solar or nuclear.  Unfortunately, the "nuclear" was thought to be nuclear fission, which I don't agree is the final solution for energy problems.  In my mind, the "nuclear" is fusion.  On the other hand, tokamak fusion seems to be headed nowhere.  The latest tokamak device is the International Tokamak Experimental Reactor (ITER).  Talk about boondoggle to the nth power.  More than a decade to build (a single reactor), with years (or even decades) of experimentation to follow that.  What a mess.

2.  Photovoltaics:  The other technology I'd concentrate on is photovoltaics.  This is just in case the fusion thing doesn't work out.

3.  Methane Hydrates:  This is the third technology I'd concentrate on...just in the very unlikely event that both fusion and photovoltaics don't work out.

Note:  I'm publishing this now...but I'll be doing some more work later.

Alternatives to tokamak fusion

This is a draft of a summary I'm doing on alternatives to tokamak fusion.  It seems to me that if any of these alternatives could be developed into commercial applications within the next 1 to 5 decades, it would be the most important invention since...well, fire.  I know that sounds incredibly hyperbolic, but consider this:  Let's say any of these technologies could be developed such that they could compete with coal or nuclear fission in the operating cost to generate electricity (that's about 2 cents per kilowatt hour in the United States).  Well, fusion is vastly more environmentally friendly than coal or nuclear fission, so the non-tokamak fusion alternative would very quickly replace all the world's coal and nuclear fission power plants.  It would also replace natural gas power plants, because it would be cheaper.  Finally, it would represent an essentially limitless supply of electricity...and dramatically hasten the day when automobiles use electricity (e.g. plug-in hybrids) for most or even all of their power.

1. GENERAL SUMMARY

Description:  This document contains summaries of alternatives to standard (tokamak) fusion.  The general positive attribute of these alternatives is that they appear to require far smaller equipment expenditures to create fusion.  In many cases, the amount  of money required to create fusion—although not a break-even rates—is less than $1 million.  None of these alternatives are as far along developmentally as tokamak fusion, but it seems possible that some alternatives might “leapfrog” tokamak fusion, given the current developmental path of tokamak fusion (i.e., a break-even test reactor a decade away, and commercial reactors at least 2-3 decades into the future...if not more).

Pluses:

• Alternative technologies appear to require significantly smaller equipment expenditures to achieve fusion, compared to the standard tokamak.

• All these alternative technologies are significantly less studied than standard tokamak fusion, so it should be possible for “newcomers” to the field to quickly make important contributions...particularly given the smaller equipment expense to generate fusion.

• These technologies generate no long-lived radioactive materials.

• Fusion creates very large amounts of energy in a very small space; a 20 MW (megawatt) power plant (comparable to the UNC power plant) could fit in a 2-car garage.  Therefore, even densely populated areas such as New York City could generate all their power needs locally.

• These technologies produce no greenhouse gases; no air pollution in fact. Further, they also require no mining or resource extraction to provide fuel to the plant.

Minuses:

• By far the most serious potential minus to all these technologies is that they might conceivably be used to produce powerful explosions. This is not to say that any of them could generate such explosions by accident; merely that people with malicious intent might be able to produce powerful explosions.  Given the inexpensive nature of these technologies, such weapons would not necessarily even require expenditures by governments; small groups might be able to produce the devices.

2. PLASMA FOCUS REACTOR (HYDROGEN-BORON FUSION)

Description: Focus fusion reactors use a plasma focus device and hydrogen-boron fuel to achieve fusion.  This requires a much higher temperature than conventional (deuterium-tritium) fusion; hydrogen-boron fusion requires a temperature of approximately 1 billion degrees Kelvin.

“The plasma focus device consists of two cylindrical copper or beryllium electrodes nested inside each other. The outer electrode is generally no more than 6-7 inches in diameter and a foot long. The electrodes are enclosed in a vacuum chamber with a low pressure gas (the fuel for the reaction) filling the space between them.  A pulse of electricity from a capacitor bank (an energy storage device) is discharged across the electrodes. For a few millionths of a second, an intense current flows from the outer to the inner electrode through the gas. This current starts to heat the gas and creates an intense magnetic field. Guided by its own magnetic field, the current forms itself into a thin sheath of tiny filaments; little whirlwinds of hot, electrically-conducting gas called plasma.  This sheath travels to the end of the inner electrode where the magnetic fields produced by the currents pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny, dense ball only a few thousandths of an inch across called a plasmoid. All of this happens without being guided by external magnets.  The magnetic fields very quickly collapse, and these changing magnetic fields induce an electric field which causes a beam of electrons to flow in one direction and a beam of ions (atoms that have lost electrons) in the other. The electron beam heats the plasmoid thus igniting fusion reactions which add more energy to the plasmoid. So in the end, the ion and electron beams contain more energy than was input by the original electric current. These beams of charged particles are directed into decelerators which act like particle accelerators in reverse. Instead of using electricity to accelerate charged particles they decelerate charged particles and generate electricity. Some of this electricity is recycled to power the next fusion pulse while the excess, the net energy, is the electricity produced by the fusion power plant.” (Focus Fusion Society, 2005).

Pluses: 

▪ Generates electricity directly (from a particle decelerator); therefore, a steam generator is not required.  This is claimed to significantly reduce capital cost.

▪ Does not require external magnets to contain plasma.

▪ Appears to be technically far along in development (fusion apparently achieved, and claimed to be within striking distance of breakeven).

Minuses:

▪ Requires even higher temperatures than standard (deuterium-tritium) fusion. 

Researchers:

1. Eric Lerner, Lawrenceville Plasma Physics (LPP), Inc.   

2. Bruce Freeman, Texas A&M.

3. Hank Oona, Los Alamos National Laboratory.

References:

1. PES Network, Inc., 2006.  “Sandia Z-Pinch and Focus Fusion Compared.” Available at: Comparison of Z-Pinch and Focus Fusion
   

2. Focus Fusion Society, 2006.  “Lawrenceville Plasma Physics and Chilean Nuclear Commission Initiate Experimental Collaboration to Test Scientific Feasibility of Focus Fusion.  Available at: Focus Fusion feasibility test in Chile 

3.  SONOFUSION

Description:  Sonofusion is an extension of the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, which occurs when a cavitation bubble collapses.  Sonofusion as produced by Taleyarkhan (Purdue) involves use of deuterated acetone (i.e., the hydrogen in the acetone is in the form of deuterium, which is necessary for fusion to occur).

Pluses:

▪ Appears to be mechanically very simple.

Minuses:

▪ None apparent.

Researchers:

1. R. P. Taleyarkhan at Purdue University (formerly of Oak Ridge National Laboratory). 

3. D, Felipe Getain (Impulse Devices Inc.)

4. Acoustic Fusion Technology Energy Consortium (AFTEC, consisting of:  Boston University; Impulse Devices, Inc.; Purdue University; University of Mississippi; and the University of Washington Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound). 

References:

1. Acoustic Fusion Technology Energy Consortium (AFTEC), 2005.  “AFTEC formed.”  Available at: AFTEC formed.

5. About.com, 2005.  “Rusi Taleyarkhan - Bubble Fusion.”  Available at: Sonofusion (aka, "bubble fusion")
   

4. PYROELECTRIC CRYSTAL FUSION

Description:  “In April 2005, Seth Putterman's group at UCLA published a paper describing a new method of nuclear fusion based on pyroelectric crystals. In the experiment a pyroelectric crystal, lithium tantalate (LiTaO₃), was heated 25 C in low-pressure (0.7 Pa) deuterium gas generating a potential of 100 kV. The electric field of 25 GV per meter, focussed by a tungsten needle, ionizes the deuterium which is accelerated into a target of erbium deuteride (ErD₂). There the deuterium nuclei fuse about once in every million collisions to produce helium atoms and about 1000 neutrons per second.”

Pluses:

▪ Appears to be mechanically very simple.

▪ Appears to produce fusion (in miniscule amounts) with extremely simple equipment.

Minuses:

▪ May never be capable of generating breakeven energy.

References:

1. “Pyroelectric Crystal Fusion.”  Available at:  Pyroelectric crystal fusion

5.     COLLIDING ELECTRON SPIRAL TOROIDS REACTOR (CESTR)

Description: In a manner similar to ball lighting, electrical spiral toroids generate their own magnetic containment fields.  The CESTR attempts to collide toroids of boron and hydrogen to produce hydrogen-boron fusion.

References:

1. Electron Power Systems, Inc.  Explanation of the technology.  Available at:  Electron Power Systems, CESTR reactor